The nurse, who is unnamed for legal reasons, has been suspended and the 14 graphic photographs have been deleted from her profile.
Hospital bosses at the Stockholm hospital are considering further action, which could result in reporting her to the police or dismissing her, according to 'Expressen', a Stockholm newspaper.
Surgical staff at the hospital where the photos were taken have also been summoned to an emergency meeting to remind them of the need to respect patient privacy.
Cameras are banned from the operating theatres unless the pictures are specifically intended to instruct medical students.
The nurse is thought to have taken the pictures on her phone. None of the patient's faces were visible.
One of the photographs shows an operating assistant clutching a chunk of human flesh.
The nurse, who is said to be devastated, apparently took the photos to impress friends with her high-powered job.
The privacy ground-rules of social networking sites are being refined more and more after similar invasions of privacy by network users.
Last year, BBC's Watchdog created a bogus profile on Facebook to demonstrate how easily people's identity could be stolen.
This appears to be the first case of medical indiscretions.
A spokesman for the Karolinska hospital said: 'We are extremely sorry about this."