It is not known if she has another position to go to.
Chambers' decision to leave follows the creation of a new Global Retail Banking (GRB) division at Barclays, to be led by former Barclaycard chief executive Antony Jenkins.
‘Libby has decided that, having largely completed implementation of several of these activities across Barclays, and having built a talented marketing leadership team to carry things forward, the time is right to pursue new challenges,' said Jenkins.
The marketer, who was promoted to her current role 18 months ago from the top marketing position within Barclaycard, first joined the group three years ago.
She oversaw the development of Barclays' new marketing strategy, by Bartle Bogle Hegarty (BBH), based around the strapline ‘Take one small step'.
At Barclays, Emmet Burns is believed to be continuing in his role as retail banking marketing director, while Sara Bennison continues as marketing communications director for retail banking.
At Barclaycard, the brand's US marketing chief Michelle Bottomley will take up the role of chief marketing officer.
Gary Twelvetree remains brand and advertising director and chief marketing officer for UK cards, with Paul Troy continuing as director of advertising.
Former British Airways marketer Katherine Whitton joined as Barclaycard UK marketing director earlier this year.
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