Work begins on the four new panels at Bond Street, Charing Cross, Euston and Paddington this week.
They are expected to be ready within six weeks, with five further sites earmarked for completion by the beginning of April.
The roll-out, which follows a trial at Tottenham Court Road station, is managed by Alive, a new division that replaces the digital part of Viacom Digital & Impact.
The team is headed by Nicky Cheshire, former head of Digital & Impact, with Justin Stark remaining head of Impact.
The panels will initially feature Alive-branded animation to promote Viacom's new brand, followed by advertising from firms including Fox Films, Virgin Atlantic, Magners and Pioneer.
Alive is also rolling out LCD screens and cross-track projections from early next year. Viacom said all 275 Tube stations will eventually feature digital technology.
The division also plans to provide the technology to rail networks and Docklands Light Railway.
"With digital, advertisers can take levels of engagement to a new level, including better targeting," said Cheshire.
For example, at night, passengers travelling on the Tube are far more likely to see alcoholic drinks advertising.
The screens, which are linked to a central hub, give brands the option to run "dynamic" advertising animated sequentially across a series of panels.