Buckley replaces Rick Cotton, who was recently promoted to executive vice-president of NBC Universal, with immediate effect.
He will be responsible for all operations and strategic initiatives, including increasing distribution, expanding programming, extending coverage and developing local language affiliates.
Buckley, who has been at the company since March 2003, said: "My new role gives me the remit to not only build the channel on a pan-European basis but identify new opportunities to maximize the business in terms of revenue and audience growth."
Pamela Thomas-Graham, president and chief executive officer of CNBC, said: "Mick brings proven leadership skills to the helm and I'm delighted he is taking on this role."
CNBC is a joint venture between NBC Universal and Dow Jones and provides financial and business information to more than 200m homes worldwide. Its sister company, CNBC Europe, is available in 85m homes across Europe.
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